hydrogen isotope - definition. What is hydrogen isotope
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%ما هو (من)٪ 1 - تعريف

HYDROGEN WITH DIFFERENT NUMBERS OF NEUTRONS
Hydrogen-1; Hydrogen-4; Hydrogen-5; Hydrogen-7; Hydrogen-6; Quadium; Isotopes of Hydrogen; Hydrogen isotope; Hydrogen isotopes; Quadrium; Protium (isotope); Isotope of hydrogen
  • A deuterium atom contains one proton, one neutron, and one electron.
  • A tritium atom contains one proton, two neutrons, and one electron.
  • diproton]] for a discussion of why others do not exist)
  • A]]'' = 1), [[deuterium]] (''A'' = 2), and [[tritium]] (''A'' = 3).

Isotopes of hydrogen         
Hydrogen (1H) has three naturally occurring isotopes, sometimes denoted , , and . and are stable, while has a half-life of years.
Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry         
  • This is the δD-δ13C diagram that is well known for categorizing and identifying methane isotopes based on carbon isotopes and hydrogen isotopes. Redrawn from Whiticar, 1999
  • The basic structure of an alkenone. Alkenones have a 35 to 41 carbon chain, with 1 to 4 double bonds.
  • Schematic diagram of cavity ring-down spectroscopy with three high-reflectivity mirrors (>99.995%). The laser is switched on and off rapidly and the light intensity is measured as it decays over time.
  • The trend of carbocation stability. Note the stabilization effects from adjacent carbons that donate electrons to the positive charge. The opposite trend is seen in carbanion stability. In isotopes, a tertiary bound hydrogen is more likely to be lost because the resulting carbocation is the most stable species.
  • <ref>Modified by inserting the data from [Englebrecht, A. C. Sachs. J. P. (2005) Determination of sediment provenance at drift sites using hydrogen isotopes and unsaturation ratios in alkenones. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 69. 17:4253–4265.] on the map from Annu.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.2010.38:161–187.</ref>
  • <ref>Modified by inserting the data from a paper [Frankenberg C. et al. (2009) Dynamic Processes Governing Lower-Tropospheric HDO/{{H2O-nl}} Ratios as Observed from Space and Ground. Science 325, 1374–1377.] on the map from Annu.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.2010.38:161–187</ref>
  • <ref>Modified by inserting the data from papers by Redding (1980), Rigby and Smith (1981), and Smith (1983) on the map from Annu.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.2010.38:161–187.</ref>
  • <ref>Modified by inserting data values on the map from Annu.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.2010.38:161–187</ref>
  • <ref>Modified by inserting the data values from waterisotopes.org on the map from Annu.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.2010.38:161–187.</ref>
  • <ref>References in a more detailed format are included in the main text.</ref>
  • <ref>Modified by inserting the data from [Clog, Matthieu; Aubaud, Cyril; Cartigny, Pierre; Dosso, Laure (2013). "The hydrogen isotopic composition and water content of southern Pacific MORB: A reassessment of the D/H ratio of the depleted mantle Reservoir". Planetary Science Letters 381: 156–165.] and [Englebrecht A. C., Sachs J. P. (2005) Determination of sediment provenance at drift sites using hydrogen isotopes and unsaturation ratios in allkenones. Geochimina et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 69, No. 17, pp.&nbsp;4253–4265] on the map from http://waterisotopes.org</ref>
  • Modified from the figure in Sachse ''et al''. (2012)<ref name=":43"/>
  • <ref>Modified by inserting the data from waterisotopes.org on the map</ref>
  • Hydrogen Isotope Composition of Hydro-, Bio- and Geo-spheres
  • <ref name="Robert2006">Robert, F. 2006. Solar System Deuterium/Hydrogen Ratio. Meteorites and the Early Solar System II, D. S. Lauretta and H. Y. McSween Jr. (eds.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 943 pp., p.341-351</ref>
  • Hydrogen isotope fractionation in the hydrological cycle (modified from hydrological cycle diagram). Isotope fractionations are calculated as difference between product and source water in each process, at typical temperature and humidity conditions.
  • Schematic diagram of GC/pyrolysis-IRMS
  • A photograph from the Greenhouse Project in 1952, where the first fission boosted nuclear weapon was tested.
  • A simplified model of a chemical reaction with pathways for H and D isotopes of hydrogen. The positions on the energy wells are based on the quantum harmonic oscillator. Note the lower energy state of the heavier isotope and the higher energy state of the lighter isotope. Under equilibrium conditions, the heavy isotope is favored in the products as it is more stable. Under kinetic conditions, like an enzymatic reaction, the lighter isotope is favored because of a lower activation energy.
  • Photograph of a leaf, with sunlight reflecting off of the waxy surface.
  • The hydrogen isotope relationships between rain water and leaf wax lipids. Adapted from Sachse et al., 2012.<ref name=":08"/>
  • Schematic diagram of TC/EA-IRMS and the principle of hydrogen isotope detection by TC/EA<ref>Redrawn figure referred to http://www.uwyo.edu/sif/instrumentation/tcea.html</ref>
  • Harold Urey, whose pioneering work on hydrogen isotopes won him the 1934 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
  • The Vostok ice core record of hydrogen isotopes, temperature and greenhouse gas concentrations in the last 420,000 years. Data obtained from Petit et al. (1999).<ref name=":10"/>
Draft:Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry
Hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry is the scientific study of biological, geological, and chemical processes in the environment using the distribution and relative abundance of hydrogen isotopes. There are two stable isotopes of hydrogen, protium 1H and deuterium 2H, which vary in relative abundance on the order of hundreds of permil.
isotope         
NUCLIDES HAVING THE SAME ATOMIC NUMBER BUT DIFFERENT MASS NUMBERS
Isotopes; Nuclear notation; Isotope notation; Chemical isotope; Ice otope; Isotopic notation; AZE notation; Index to isotope pages; Nuclide notation; Isotop
n. a radioactive isotope

ويكيبيديا

Isotopes of hydrogen

Hydrogen (1H) has three naturally occurring isotopes, sometimes denoted 1
H
, 2
H
, and 3
H
. 1
H
and 2
H
are stable, while 3
H
has a half-life of 12.32(2) years. Heavier isotopes also exist, all of which are synthetic and have a half-life of less than one zeptosecond (10−21 s). Of these, 5
H
is the least stable, while 7
H
is the most.

Hydrogen is the only element whose isotopes have different names that remain in common use today: the 2
H
(or hydrogen-2) isotope is deuterium and the 3
H
(or hydrogen-3) isotope is tritium. The symbols D and T are sometimes used for deuterium and tritium. The IUPAC accepts the D and T symbols, but recommends using standard isotopic symbols (2
H
and 3
H
) instead to avoid confusion in the alphabetic sorting of chemical formulas. The isotope 1
H
, with no neutrons, is sometimes called protium. (During the early study of radioactivity, some other heavy radioactive isotopes were given names, but such names are rarely used today.)

أمثلة من مجموعة نصية لـ٪ 1
1. Chief investigator Brownlee (L) said ‘we have found fire and ice‘Chemical analysis of the sample shows high ratios of deuterium, a hydrogen isotope that is double the mass of ordinary hydrogen due to a neutron in the nucleus.
2. The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), which has in the past provided accurate information on hidden Iranian nuclear activities, said Tehran had used front companies to obtain the substance, a hydrogen isotope known as tritium.